![]() ![]() We will first briefly revisit the bones of the calvarium that contribute to the skull base (frontal and occipital) and then discuss the temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones in some more detail. Anteriorly, the occipital bone joins to the sphenoid and temporal bones. The clivus is an incline in the occipital bone that the ventral pons and medulla rest on. Either side of the foramen magnum are the hypoglossal canals for cranial nerve XII. The foramen magnum, housing the brainstem, is also a part of the occipital bone. It contains an external occipital protuberance that can be felt on the back of your head. The occipital bone is joined superiorly to the parietal bones by the lambdoidal suture. The occipital bone forms a cup for the occipital lobe of the brain to sit in. This is why raising your eyebrows can create the appearance that the back of the head is moving. The galea joins the frontalis muscle belly anteriorly to the occipitalis muscle belly posteriorly. Overlying the parietal bones is a thick connective tissue layer known as the galea aponeurotica. They are each joined anteriorly to the frontal bone by the coronal suture. The two parietal bones join in the sagittal line to form the sagittal suture. Supraorbital notch: nerves supplying the forehead to emerge through this apertureįigure 4.Glabella: the brow ridge that serves as an attachment point for the frontalis muscle and superior portion of the orbicularis oculi.Orbital plate of the frontal bone: forms the roof of the orbital cavity and separates the frontal lobe of the brain from the eye.There are three important parts of the frontal bone to know: The fusion of these frontal bones forms a metopic suture, which may be visible in some skull specimens. During childhood and adolescence, these two bones fuse into one. ![]() The frontal bones start as two paired bones. Bones of the skull (lateral) 2 Frontal bone These bones of the skull cap contain two thin layers of cortical bone separated by diploë, which is synonymous with the spongy bone seen in long bones.ĭiploë provides structural integrity and transmits forces along the length of the bones of the skull cap.įigure 3. Of particular importance is the strength of these bones relative to how thin they are. The parts of these bones that lie inferior to the brain are considered to be a part of the skull base (mentioned below). These bones protect the brain superiorly, but also provide an anchor for important muscles of facial expression and eye movement. The calvarium, also known as the roof or skull cap, consists of three bones: The fontanelles undergo complete ossification within 9 – 18 months from birth.Ĭlinical relevance: Fontanelle abnormalitiesĪn enlarged anterior fontanelle can be due to endocrine pathologies like congenital hypothyroidism.Ī bulging anterior or posterior fontanelle may suggest raised intracranial pressure, which may occur in hydrocephalus.Ī sunken anterior or posterior fontanelle may suggest dehydration. Posterior fontanelle: the soft region on the back of the infant’s head.Anterior fontanelle: the soft region on the front of the infant’s head.Base: the sphenoid, ethmoid, occipital and temporal bones tend to grow slightly laterīy week 37, the cartilaginous frame for the skull is almost entirely replaced by bone, and only two relatively small cartilaginous structures remain:.Calvarium (roof): the frontal, occipital and parietal bones tend to grow slightly earlier.This process occurs at different rates in two different regions of the skull: A cartilaginous mould begins to grow and is slowly replaced by bone in a process called intramembranous ossification. The skull begins to form prior to week 12 of embryogenesis. You might also be interested in our Anatomy Flashcard Collection which contains over 2000 anatomy flashcards in addition to advanced features such as spaced repetition. ![]()
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![]() ![]() Harley Davidson®/Third Edition (1999): Designed by industry veterans, Lonnie D. ![]() The Phantom can even be unmasked and his true face revealed on the back glass! 2,750 units of this table were produced. Other notable features are the Catwalk Ramp, Magic Mirror, Trap Door and an Organ that opens for Multi-Ball. The play-field features incredible artwork by world-renowned artist, Paul Faris with images of many of the characters from the novel, including the Phantom and Christine Dae. Designed by Joe Kaminkow and Ed Cebula, this game makes excellent use of its license with outstanding audio effects and imagery that tells the story of the Phantom. Phantom of the Opera™ (1990): This table is based on the classic novel from Gaston Leroux, published in 1911. Other notable features include the Warp Core Resonator shaker motor, USS Vengeance Disintegrator Super-Speed ball kicker and custom moulded models of the USS Enterprise, USS Vengeance and two asteroids with LED flashers. The game features easy-to-follow rules for novice players an incredible level of depth for experts, with 18 missions to play and 5 multi-ball modes, including three Captain’s Chair wizard modes! The play-field features spectacular lighting with over 60 tri-colour LEDs, including seven Star Trek shield emblem inserts, colour coded to indicate the primary targets in each of the mission modes. Based on the new series of Star Trek films, players take on the role of Captain Kirk commanding the USS Enterprise in a fight to save the Federation. Star Trek Premium™ (2013): is another outstanding game from designer, Steve Ritchie. “ Stern Pinball Arcade contains a good amount of excellent pinball action ”(HardcoreGamer) Table bio’s for each of the iconic tables featured. ” Stern Pinball Arcade is a great looking, authentic-sounding, highly realistic simulation “ – (USGamer) Check out a selection of the superb Stern tables in the trailer below: Stern Pinball Arcade on Nintendo Switch recreates right down to the last detail, a selection of the greatest Stern Inc pinball machines, featuring 11 amazing licensed tables.Įvery flipper, bumper, sound effect, and display animation has been painstakingly emulated in astonishing detail using actual physical meshes, hi-res-textures & code supplied by Stern Inc. Leave your quarters at home and just enjoy playing your favorite pinball machine for the zillionth time or discovering an acclaimed pinball classic for the first time.POSTED BY System 3 ON DecemSystem 3 is delighted toĪnnounce the release of Stern Pinball Arcade on Nintendo Switch! Catch you online, or in-store!Įnjoyed by players of Minecraft, Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2, Sonic Mania Plus, Street Fighter V, Street Fighter Anniversary Collection.įrom the makers of Pinball Hall of Fame comes the ultimate pinball machine collection step into The Pinball Arcade and you’ll have access to many of the all-time greatest tables from Williams, Bally, Stern Pinball, and Gottlieb! Players build their pinball collection by purchasing and downloading the tables they want to play, each powered by a realistic pinball simulation that re-creates pinball gameplay with accuracy and authenticity. ![]() We sell a huge variety of Video Games, Trading Cards, Toys, Funko Pops, Statues, and so much more! While pre-orders and discount vouchers are available through our Appleby Games website only, we warmly invite local Christchurch shoppers to visit by arrangement. All items are Preowned unless stated in the description as New.Īppleby Games NZ is a Gaming & Pop Culture Collectibles Store based in Christchurch. The Trade Me Price for this item has Trade Me Success Fees added to it compared to the Appleby Games website price for the same item. This preowned game comes complete with case, cover, manual / booklet, and game disc. RARE PS4 Game in Excellent Condition & 100% Complete with Contents: PINBALL ARCADE SEASON 1 The Video Game for SONY PlayStation 4 / PS4. ![]() ![]() ![]() Mickey's branded on pretty well everything else Disney. Get started Now for your FREE No Obligation Quote.No doubt it will coincide with a couple new ride attractions, namely Mickey Mouse's First Ride, which will see an amusement involving the famed rodent for the first time ever. They are the preferred Travel Agency of Chip and Company and Disney Addicts, and who we use ourselves. Let our friends at Destinations to Travel help you book your next Disney Vacation. I can help you with Walt Disney World, Disneyland, Adventures by Disney, Cruises, Tropical Getaways and so much more! My services are always FREE, so let’s get you booked! For a free, no obligation quote contact me at or you can complete and submit the form below. As a travel planner with Key to the World Travel. Let’s start planning your magical vacation today. What about you? Are you excited for the future of Epcot’s nighttime shows? I would love to hear what you think! Although I am a huge fan of IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth, I am excited to see all the new and innovatively beautiful special effects, music, and fireworks that will be thrilling millions who visit Epcot in the future. Keep an eye out for any new details on both new nighttime shows at our sister site Chip and Co., your source for all the latest Disney news.Įxciting things are happening over at Epcot, but if you are mourning the loss of Illuminations: Reflections of Earth, you still have time to enjoy it over the summer and early fall. This new show will feature huge floating set pieces, LED panels, choreographed moving fountains, lasers, pyrotechnics and so much more! The show will celebrate Disney music and how it has inspired people worldwide. Like IllumiNations, this nighttime show can be seen anywhere around World Showcase that gives you a clear view of the lagoon.ĭisney also released an announcement regarding a new nighttime spectacular that will be debuting in 2020 at Epcot. ![]() You will witness all you love about Epcot come to life in this new nighttime show that will include many unbelievable special effects such as choreographed kites set to music that has become favorites at Epcot. Now that’s fireworks viewing in style!ĭebuting October 1, 2019, this limited time night show will celebrate Epcot’s past, present, and future through fireworks and special effects. Your captain will sail you around Crescent Lake before or after the show giving you a tour and if the timing is right, you can enjoy fireworks from Disney’s Hollywood Studios as well. Departing from Disney’s Yacht & Beach Club Marina, this cruise includes beverages and light snacks as well as any festive decorations for a special occasion you are celebrating. Set sail aboard your private pontoon boat as you glide into World Showcase Lagoon and dock to get without a doubt the most amazing view of IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth you will ever have. Reservations are recommended and can be made by calling (407) WDW-DINE. You should arrive an hour before show start with the entire dining experience lasting about 1 ½ hours. The patio provides incredible views of the nighttime show as you enjoy traditional British cuisine. Reservations are required and can be made online or by calling (407) WDW-DINE.Įnjoy the show in delicious style as you dine on the lakefront patio at Rose & Crown Dining Room at the United Kingdom Pavilion at Epcot. Once the nighttime spectacular is over a Cast Member will escort you to the Norway Pavilion, where you will have the opportunity to ride the very popular Frozen Ever After attraction. After you have satisfied that sweet tooth, enjoy the show from the perfect seat around World Showcase. Some desserts include Elsa’s Blue Velvet Cupcakes, Freeze Fried Salted Caramel Popcorn, Wandering Oaken’s Eclairons, fresh fruit, cheese fondue and so much more! Beverages include cocktails, beer, wine, and non-alcoholic options. The party starts at World Showcase Plaza East where you will enjoy specialty beverages along with sweet and savory food options to please everyone in the family. Frozen Ever After Dessert Party at Epcot World Showcase:įans of Frozen, or let’s face it just fans of dessert will love this option to enjoy tasty treats and get a perfect viewing location for IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth. ![]() ![]() ![]() All in all, it is a convenient tool to have if you are looking to create self-made tutorials, game recording, and other video recording purposes. More than that, it also comes with basic editing and even offers convenient sharing to popular video-sharing platforms. The app offers smooth and easy recording without a time limit. In summary, the iTop Screen Recorder is an ideal screen recorder for anyone. With this, you can post your creation to your Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Twitch accounts. You can also share your videos to several platforms directly from the app. When it comes to saving, iTop Screen Recorder supports a wide range of formats. Although, this feature is limited to cutting, trimming, and splitting videos. Alternatively, you can create a custom watermark to prevent your videos from being copied.Īs mentioned, the app also comes with a built-in video editor, allowing you to edit your recordings. Even better, you can record without a watermark-you only have to untick the ‘No Watermark’ option in the settings. ![]() With this, you can record an entire game session without worrying about duration limits. ![]() What makes the app ahead of its competition is that it lets you record for as long as you like. Moreover, it can capture webcam overlay to your videos. The app can record with or without audio from your microphone or speaker simultaneously. The app supports recording high-quality, including 4k, videos for a full screen, window, or a selected region. ITop Screen Recorder is a lightweight and easy-to-use screen recorder that allows you to record the activity on your desktop computer. However, there is no way to share, so you’ll need to upload your videos manually. This free program allows you to create AVI videos and convert them to SWF Adobe Flash files. What’s more, there is no time limit to your recording. CamStudio is yet another open-source screencasting software for Windows. Even better, you can record with or without a watermark. With this, you can trim, cut, and split captured video. Unlike other screen recorders, iTop Screen Recorder comes with a built-in video editor. Not only that, but you can also capture audio and even your webcam at the same time. As the name suggests, this software allows you to record any screen activity. To set your own Game bar screenshot keyboard shortcut, to Settings > Gaming > Game bar.ITop Screen Recorder is a free utility application developed by iTop VPN. From here, you can click the screenshot button in the Game bar or use the default keyboard shortcut Windows key + Alt + PrtScn to snap a full-screen screenshot. Once enabled, hit the Windows key + G key to call up the Game bar. Verdict: This is an excellent open-source software for screen recording or video streaming.Since OBS Studio can capture video directly from your PC, you can record games in full-screen mode using customizable hotkeys. First, you'll need to enable the Game bar from the settings page by making sure you've toggled on Record game clips, screenshots and broadcasts using Game bar. You can use the Game bar to snap a screenshot, whether you're in the middle of playing a game or not. It will then be saved to the Pictures > Screenshots folder. You can press Fn + Windows logo key + Space Bar to take a screenshot. If your computer doesn't have the PrtScn key, no worries, Microsoft has another keyboard shortcut for you. You'll need to open the shot in an image editor to save it. This will snap your currently active window and copy the screenshot to the clipboard. To take a quick screenshot of the active window, use the keyboard shortcut Alt + PrtScn. Your screen will briefly go dim to indicate you've just taken a screenshot, and the screenshot will be saved to the Pictures > Screenshots folder. It offers a virtual camcorder which you can use to record everything on a Windows desktop. To capture your entire screen and automatically save the screenshot, tap the Windows key + Print Screen key. ScreenCam is a Windows-based screen recorder that is designed for Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows 7, and Windows 8. Screenshot by Matt Elliott/CNET Windows key + Print Screen You can record live streaming videos, screencasts, tutorials or just about anything that’s on your screen. Small but mighty, ScreenRec gives you unlimited recording time, thoroughly secure sharing, a 2GB private cloud and high quality videos. You can adjust print screen settings in Windows. Screenrec is a free video capture software with no watermark that packs a whole lot of punch. ![]() ![]() ![]()
![]() ![]() You can even hide it entirely and gain more space to work with your documents. Moreover, DCommander is highly customizable and allows you to personalize the top toolbar by adding or removing buttons and icons. However, we contacted the developer, who explained that this is a problem related to the sandbox daemon and it will be addressed in future updates. Unfortunately, this function failed to perform as designed and did not take any commands typed in the dialog box. On top of that, the Network menu helps you connect to your network drives and open the Network or Sharing Preferences window if needed.Īnother useful feature provided by DCommander is the “Terminal command at path” dialog box, from which you can run various commands in the Terminal application from within the opened folder. ![]() You can easily and instantly swap between panels and “Equalize” them if you want to make multiple changes within the same folder. The best thing about the built-in search engine is its ability to search for words and text snippets inside all sorts of files. Although we find these hotkeys a time saver, you can still access the Mark menu to perform the above-mentioned tasks if you are not comfortable using so many hotkeys.įurthermore, DCommander offers a powerful and very easy-to-use Search function that enables you to find files and folders with just a few keystrokes. The intuitive keyboard hotkeys also enable you to make or reverse selections, select files with the same extension and expand or shrink your selection. All of this, combined with the entire system of keyboard shortcuts, make DCommander a reliable and must-have application for all Mac users who want to stay in control over their files and folders without having to rely on a mouse to do it. The Lynx-like navigation system is smooth-running, feels natural and it will allow you to navigate back and forth through your directories by using only the arrow keys. You can even duplicate or close a tab and navigate through all opened tabs without lifting your hands off the keyboard. Opening a new tab in each of the two panels is as easy as it would be in any modern web browser you only have to press the CMD + T keyboard shortcut. If you do not want to use the context menu or the function keys, you can always use the bottom toolbar to view, edit, copy, move or delete the selected files or folders and even create a new folder. In addition, you can copy the full directory path, open the Info window and create a new folder or empty file. The context menu helps you open the selected file with an application of your choice, rename it, edit or delete it, compress it, duplicate it or make an Alias. What is more, DCommander allows you to sort all displayed files, folders, documents and applications by their name, extension, size, date or creation type. In addition, you can open a Terminal window, launch the Disk Utility, Activity Monitor or Console app and search for a specific file in the desired drive or folder. In addition, you can open multiple tabs in each panel and take advantage of the Quick Look integration in order to preview your files without opening them.įrom DCommander’s top toolbar, you can rapidly jump to your Home folder, view all available drives, swap panels, hide or show System files and connect to network drives. Before using DCommander, you also have to grant it filesystem access for the volumes you want to manage.ĭCommander features a slick, user-oriented interface from which you can quickly and effortlessly go through your files, view, edit, copy, move and delete them using the standard function keys, just like you used to do in Total Commander. Like in the case of all other applications distributed via the Mac App Store, you can purchase, download and install DCommander with just a few mouse clicks. To download and install DCommander, you need a Mac running at least Snow Leopard and a 64-bit processor. If you are new to Mac OS X and you used to handle your files, documents and programs through Total Commander when you were using Windows, then you will be happy to know that there is a similar application for Mac.ĭCommander is a fully featured and very practical application that comes with a clean and intuitive two-pane file manager capable to provide full control over all your Mac’s files, folders and apps. ![]() ![]() ![]() They are also contacted by Professor Sada S/ Professor Turo V, Arven's mother S/father V, who reveals that the Koraidon S/Miraidon V the player now travels with was originally under their possession, and asks the player to look after it. In Mesagoza, the player saves a girl named Penny from being harassed by members of Team Star, a group of delinquent academy students accused of bullying. An academy student named Arven identifies the Pokémon and hands its Poké Ball to the player.Īs the player and Nemona make their way to Mesagoza, she introduces them to the Terastal phenomenon and arranges for the player to receive a Tera Orb so they can utilize the phenomenon as well. While exploring Poco Path, the player encounters a weak Koraidon S/ Miraidon V, which saves them from a pack of angry Houndour. Despite being a Champion-level Trainer, Nemona also takes one of the starter Pokémon in her care in order to train a new team alongside the player. The academy's director, Clavell, gives the player a choice of one of three starter Pokémon and introduces them to their next-door neighbor and the head of the academy's student council, Nemona. The player character, having just moved to the Paldea region with their mother, now lives in the small settlement of Cabo Poco and prepares to start their studies at Naranja Academy S/ Uva Academy V in the region's biggest city, Mesagoza. It is a DLC expansion for the games consisting of two parts: The Teal Mask and The Indigo Disk. The Hidden Treasure of Area Zero was revealed during Pokémon Presents on February 27, 2023. The game was announced worldwide on Pokémon Day, February 27, 2022, at 11 P.M. All copies of the game are playable in nine languages: Japanese, English, German, Spanish, French, Italian, Korean, and Simplified and Traditional Chinese. The games were released on the Nintendo Switch worldwide on November 18, 2022. Pokémon Scarlet (Japanese: ポケットモンスター スカーレット Pocket Monsters Scarlet) and Pokémon Violet (Japanese: ポケットモンスター バイオレット Pocket Monsters Violet) are the primary paired versions of Generation IX. Pokémon Violet's boxart, featuring Miraidon Pokémon Scarlet's boxart, featuring Koraidon ![]() For the Trading Card Game set under this name, see Scarlet & Violet (TCG). For the Trading Card Game set that uses this abbreviation, see Supreme Victors (TCG). Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl. ![]() ![]() ![]() Once you’ve selected the AirPort Time Capsule by highlighting it in the list with a click, click the “Use Disk” button. If it doesn’t appear, click Other AirPort Time Capsule to select yours. The AirPort Time Capsule should appear as one of the Available Disks. The preference pane looks like this:Ĭlick the “Select Backup Disk” button, and something similar to the screen seen below appears: Once that’s done, click on System Preferences in the Dock on your Mac, then select Time Machine. Either a Mac or iOS device can be used to set up and configure the AirPort Time Capsule full instructions for the setup process are included with the device, or can be downloaded here. The AirPort Time Capsule needs to be set up properly and working prior to using it for Time Machine backups. The process of setting up Time Machine to work with an AirPort Time Capsule or other Network Attached Storage is different. The wireless capabilities are really useful with the MacBook line, as the laptops don’t need to be physically connected to a drive to stay backed up. Using Time Machine with an Apple AirPort Time CapsuleĪpple’s AirPort Time Capsule is an interesting hybrid device, part backup external drive, and part Wi-Fi router. If you’re thinking about re-using an older drive for Time Machine and wish to keep the files stored on it, then don’t reformat get another drive that is blank. Before you let it reformat the drive, realize that doing so completely erases all files on the external drive. If the drive isn’t in that format and is using the common Windows-based NTFS or FAT formats instead, Time Machine will prompt you to reformat the drive. That format is called Mac OS X Extended (Journaled), which sounds daunting but really isn’t. The external disk you have purchased from OWC may or may not be formatted in the format that Time Machine needs. This is also easy to set up check the “Encrypt Backup Disk” box as seen in the image above, then provide a password when prompted. One thing you may want to do is encrypt your backup disk, so that it’s impossible for others to look at your backup files without knowing a password that you’ve set. ![]() To use the drive as your backup disk, just click the “Use as Backup Disk” button and Time Machine begins the initial backup. If this is the first time you’ve specified a backup device, Time Machine asks if you want to use that drive to back up the Mac with Time Machine: With a properly-formatted and empty external drive, setting up Time Machine is simple - just connect it to your Mac. Related: Yes, You Can Use One Drive for Time Machine and File Storageįor this very reason, some Mac users prefer to use Time Machine for their regular backups, but make bootable full backups of their Macs frequently on another external drive using a backup utility like Carbon Copy Cloner or SuperDuper!. Once the backup drive is full, the oldest backups are deleted from Time Machine. It also keeps weekly backups for as long as the external drive that you’re using for Time Machine has available space. Time Machine keeps these hourly backups for the past 24 hours, then keeps a daily backup for the past month. ![]() Once the first backup is complete, Time Machine checks your Mac for new, changed, and deleted files once every hour. This initial backup can take some time, so be patient and allow it to finish. Time Machine performs a full backup of your Mac when it is first set up. How often does Time Machine back up your Mac, and for how long?
![]() Forecast temperatures at 850 mb (approximately 1500 feet above ground level), from NAM model, valid 6 pm Tuesday. The heaviest snow axis was a bit further south, from central Missouri to Chicago, and indicated 15-20' was likely. Topping the list of snowfalls–with a partial list of other reports in and around the Greater Chicago area are:Ī wonderful listing of all available snowfall reports in Chicago and from surrounding areas of Indiana and Wisconsin has been put together by my NWS Chicago colleagues. Forecast snowfall from GFS model, from Tuesday morning (12Z) run, for the same period as the NAM model. Closer analysis: 24 hour snowfall through 6am this morning It also marks the ninth consecutive day on which measurable snow has officially fallen in Chicago. This latest snow event marks the third time this season a 6 or more inch accumulation has been recorded. A similarly low 1.8 inches was measured at Belvidere. ![]() And farther west in Aurora, just 2.6 inches fell while still farther west in DeKalb, the total snowfall came in at 1.7 inches. Yet just across the city at O’Hare, the official storm tally there has come in at 7.5 inches. ![]() Midway Airport’s storm snow total from the always amazing Frank Wachowski has come in at 17.9 inches. So too is the manner in which snow totals drop off precipitously away from the lake. ![]() Wow! What a snow! It’s been a classic lake enhanced snow and the storm snowfall totals across lakeside counties are remarkable. Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated. This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. Huge lake ice shoves cause damage to homes Chicago snow storm causes issues on roads Chicago snowstorm this weekend could dump upwards of 5 inches LIVE: Chicago snowstorm this weekend could. ![]() ![]() Here we use a multi-model approach to directly compare cognitive aspects required for 11 techno-behaviours, ranging from the simplest capuchin pounding behaviour to the most complex chimpanzee nut-cracking and Lomekwi 3 knapping behaviours. These behaviours are that of bearded capuchin monkeys pounding rocks and very early stone-tool knapping from Lomekwi 3. Recently, two further techno-behaviours were reported that could both represent intermediary phases in hominin cognitive evolution pertaining to our ultimate technological astuteness. This study represents the first direct comparison of chimpanzee pounding tools and archaeological material, and thus may contribute to a better understanding of hominin percussive activities.Īlthough it is sometimes suggested that modern-day chimpanzee nut-cracking behaviour is cognitively similar to early stone-tool-knapping behaviour, few systematic comparative studies have tested this assumption. The approach used in this study may help to stablish a framework with which to interpret archaeological assemblages and improve understanding of use-wear formation processes on pounding tools used by chimpanzees. Our results show specific patterns of use-wear distribution across the active surfaces of pounding tools, which reveal some similarities with traces on archaeological percussive objects from the Early Stone Age, and are consistent with traces on other experimental pounding tools used by modern humans. We examined captive chimpanzee pounding tools using a combination of technological analysis, use-wear distribution, and micro-wear analysis. We present the results of a series of experiments at the Kumamoto Sanctuary in Japan, in which captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) performed several nut cracking sessions using raw materials from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. ![]() Moreover, external factors, like geological context and raw material availability, post-depositional conditions and research focus and intensity, further contribute to the invisibility of such finds in the Middle Palaeolithic record. With expediency being a key factor in Middle Palaeolithic lithic technology, we can expect comparable patterns for other similar-aged ground stone assemblages. nuts) resulted in a relatively low discernibility of the wear. ![]() The presence of post-depositional surface modifications, their relatively expedient use and their potential application on soft contact materials (e.g. The limited build-up of use wear on the tools is interpreted as expedient use. The hammerstones were preferentially made of quartz and quartzite, while the anvils are mostly of limestone. These grounds stone tools are larger and heavier than the manuports. Low-power use wear analysis and the archaeological context of these finds provide evidence for the possible use of at least 58 pieces for active (hammerstones) and 5 for passive (anvils) percussive tasks, specifically lithic production and potentially bone processing. At NN2/2, coarse gravel-and cobble-sized pieces (n = 351) were sourced from local outcrops of glacial deposits, with a preferential selection for quartzite and sandstone. This paper aims to contribute to a more thorough understanding of the full spectrum of homi nin technological behaviour, by presenting a systematic analysis of ground stone tools from the Last Interglacial Middle Palaeolithic site Neumark-Nord 2/2 (NN2/2) (Germany). ![]() Despite a strong increase in the research on hominin percussive tool use, the primary focus in the study of technological behaviour still lies on flaked stone artefacts, especially for the Middle Palaeolithic. ![]() |
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